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1.Describe two primary method of integrating information across multiple database? 

The primary method integrating information across multiple database is a forward integration takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and process.Secondly,a backward integration takes information to all downstream systems and process.
 
2.Describe the benefit of data-driven web site ?

The benefits of data driven web site is to allow the website owner to make changes any time,a status website requires a programmer to make updates.It useful to when site offers a great deal of information,products,or services.A static website requires a programmer to make updates.This adds an unnecessary layer between the business and its web content,which can lead to misunderstandings and slow turn a round and desired changes.

 3.Define the fundamental concept of the rational database model?

fundamental concept of rational database model have two types firstly entities and attributes.Entities in the rational database model is the person ,place,thing,transaction or event about which information is stored.Attributes also called fields or columns are characteristic or properties of an entity class.Secondly keys and relationships.

4.Evaluate the advantages of the rational database model?

Firstly increase flexibility.increased scalability and performance. It database tend to mirror bushiness structures  ad good database can handle changes quickly and easily.It reduced information redundancy.Redundancy is the duplication of information,or storing the same information in multiple places.Besides that, increased information integrity(quality) and increased information security.

5.Compare operational integrity constraints and business-critical integrity constraints?

Operational integrity constraints are rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based  constraints and Business-critical integrity constraints are rules that enforce rules vital to an organization success and often require more insight and knowledge than operational integrity constraints.

cHaPtEr 5

ASsAlAmUaLaIkUm

oRgAnIzAtIoNaL sTrUcTuRe ThAt SuPpOrT sTrAtEgIc InItIaTiVeS

Diffentiation between :

• chief information officer (CIO)  

• chief technology officer (CTO) 

• chief security officer (CSO) 

• chief privacy officer (CPO) 

• chief knowledge officer (CKO)

CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER (CIO)

• responsible for overseeing all uses of information technology and ensuring the strategic alignment of IT with business goals  and objective. The CIO often report directly to the CEO. CIO must process a solid and detailed understading of every aspect of an organization coupled with tremendous insight into the capability of IT.
• ensure the delivery of all T projects on time and within budget.
• ensure the strategic vision of IT is in line with the strategic vision of the organization.
• advocate and communicate the IT strategy by building and maintain strong executive relationship. 

CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER(CTO)

• Develop and approve the DISA net-centricity and IP convergence strategy.
• Review and approve detailed net-centricity and IP convergence plans developed by Program and Service Managers.
• Conduct technical reviews of all solutions, products and services to determine compliance with overall DISA strategy and evaluate soundness of technical approach.  Provide recommendations as required to appropriate DISA leadership.
• Conduct technical reconnaissance to identify and recommend innovative engineering techniques, technologies, and products that may be of use to DISA.
• Represent DISA at senior level technical exchanges, conferences, panels, etc.
• Advise the Director and Vice-Director on all aspects of technology relevant to DISA efforts.
• Approve all technical standards leaving DISA and oversee all standards development.
• In conjunction with CAE, AFE, and SPI, conduct end-to-end reviews of all solutions, programs (how programs fit together), and services, ensuring all are consistent with GIG architecture and standards.
• Exercise governance over Joint Capability Technology Demonstrations and other technology innovation initiatives.
• Guide, direct and lead the Chief Engineers Panel.
• Work in conjunction with the Technical Director for Global NetOps to ensure the technical soundness of global NetOps systems and solutions.
• responsible for ensuring the throughput,speed,accurancy,availability and reliability of an orgaization information technology 
• CTO process well-rounded knowledge knowledge of all aspect of IT  including hardware,software and telecommunications.

CHIEF SECURITY OFFICER (CSO)

• Ensuring the confidentiality of sensitive information processed by, stored in, and moved through information systems and applications belonging to the enterprise. Examples of sensitive information processed by enterprise include personally identifiable information and other Privacy Act protected records; pre-release economic statistics; information provided by companies and individuals under the assumption of confidentiality; and pre-award contract financial information.
• Ensuring the integrity of the enterprise information such that decisions and actions taken based upon the data processed by, stored in, and moved through enterprise information systems can be made with the assurance that the information has not been manipulated, the information is not subject to repudiation, the source of the changes to information can be determined as best as possible.
• Ensuring the availability of the enterprise information systems and applications during routine operations and in crisis situations to support the enterprise Mission.
• responsibility for ensuring and developing strategic and IT safeguards against attacks from hackers and viruses.
• CSO posess detailed knowledge of networks and telecommunication because hackers and viruses usually find their way into IT system through networked computers.

CHIEF PRIVACY OFFICER (CPO)

• responsibility for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within an organization
• CPO are the newest senior executive position in IT.
• lawyers traning enabling them o understand the often complex legal issues surrounding the use of information.

CHIEF KNOWLEDGE OFFICER (CKO)

• responsible for collecting ,mainting and dstributing the organization knowledge.
• CKO desigs programs and system that make it easy for people to reuse knowledge.
• can contribute directly to the organization bottom line by reducing the learning curve for new employees or employees taking on new roles.

CHAPTER 4

AsSaLaMuAlAiKuM

MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

Introduction 

•  IT professionals know how to install and maintain information systems

•   Business professionals know how to run a successful business

Measuring IT's Success

•   Key Performance Indicators (KPI)

How an organization defines and measures progress toward its goals

Key Performance Indicators, also known as KPI or Key Success Indicators (KSI), help an organization define and measure progress toward organizational goals. 

Once an organization has analyzed its mission, identified all its stakeholders, and defined its goals, it needs a way to measure progress toward those goals. Key Performance Indicators are those measurements.

EFFICIENCY & EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS

Efficiency:

 

There is 6 common types of Efficiency in IT metrics

1. Throughput : amount of info that can travel in system at any point
2. Speed : the times takes for a system to perform a transaction
3. Availability : available number of hours in a system to be use by customer and employee
4. Accuracy : the extents to which a system generates the correct results when executing the same transaction numerous time
5. Web traffic : number of page views, number of unique visitors and average spend on viewing the web page
6. Response time : time takes to respond to user interactions such as mouse click 

Effectiveness:

• Usability = the ease which people perform transaction/ find info. E.g: unlimited use of internet
• Customer satisfaction = benchmarks such as surveys, percentages of existing customers retained & etc
• Conversion rates = number of customers an organizations touches for the first time and convince to purchase its product or services
• Financial = the cost benefit analysis, breakeven analysis

Business in Facebook. How efficiency and effectiveness? 

Efficiency:

• Easy for the dealer to discuss or dealing with the buyers
• It is easy, low cost, and did not take to much times to promote about new product
• Very fast and very simple
• Can post advertisements just in second so everyone can see it less than minutes
• Easy for dealer to hear the request from buyers

Effectiveness :

• More customers 
• Dealer can spread his business not only in this country but the world wide
• The dealer can expand his business and achieve his goals and objectives